A look at a simple principle of stage lighting colour theory – reflected light. This article explains how coloured light interacts with sets and costumes and how to avoid errors when choosing saturated colour for your theatre lighting.
Why my blue LED torch is no good
I have a cheap keyring torch with a blue LED. It’s very bright and very handy – but it’s no good.
First time out, looking in a dark flightcase – realise that I can’t see what I am looking for. The stupid thing is, as a Lighting Designer, I should have known this already.
The reason that this medium blue (like primary blue light) LED is unhelpful, is it doesn’t let you see Red LX taped cables (in this case – 20 Metres ) or Green ones (10 M). This is basic lighting colour theory and is all about reflected light.
Object Colour and Lighting
The colour that an object – cable marker,costume, whatever, is the result of reflection of part of the visible light spectrum. A red object reflects the Red light, Green object/Green light etc.
You may know that the visible visible light spectrum is made up of a whole range of colours from violet to red. To simplify things a bit let’s forget about the 1000’s of different shades in the spectrum and break light down into the 3 primary light colours – Red, Green and Blue.
In this case, the colour that an object reflects is a combination of these primary lighting colours. The trouble with Red and Green LX tape is that it doesn’t reflect Blue light – like the LED in the torch. In fact, this mismatch of available light and reflected colour makes the tape markers seem to disappear. The Blue marked cables (5M) positively zing under the Blue LED torch light – you can think of the Blue light as an absence of Red and Green light, if you like.
Why white light reflects colours well.
Daylight, household light bulbs and camera flashes all produce their own version of white light. White light reflects different colours well, being made up of many different colours in the spectrum. This creates a situation where all the different coloured objects reflect their colour evenly – unlike using the blue LED torch.
What happens to reflected colour under the “wrong” light?
In theory, a primary green coloured object under primary red light turns black (it doesn’t reflect the available light). In practice, this usally means a severe distortion of the objects colour and a dead appearance, with little light reflected back to the eye. Wasted light.
This can happen with other lighting colours, as well as primary light. I recently saw an instance of a mid Blue backcloth being lit with an Amber gobo. If you know that Yellow is a secondary lighting colour, it can be created using Red and Green light mixed together, you might realise that the Blue backcloth is going to reflect very little of the Amber light shining on it.
How to use this knowledge in lighting design.
Understanding that some lighting colours reflect better on certain costumes and scenery means that you can make informed decisions when choosing colour. The paler colour gels in stage lighting emit a large proportion of the visible light spectrum, so they are not a problem. More saturated colours, particluarly the primary and secondary lighting filters, can have a dramatic effect on the reflected colours on stage.
If you want the heroines red dress to stand out, don’t light her in medium blue – if you want to find red marked cables in a roadbox, don’t use a bright blue LED torch.
Rob Sayer HND PGDip FHEA is a Senior Lecturer in Technical Theatre Production, mentor, and consultant in stage lighting and education. As a professional lighting designer, Rob designed and programmed theatre performances, music festivals and large corporate events for blue chip companies while travelling all over Europe. With a background in theatre, he combines traditional stage lighting knowledge alongside fast moving lighting and video technology in the world of commercial events.
Hello!
I must say that I disagree with some statements.. For example, white light that comes from the sun and the sky is NOT made up of three primary colours! The spectrum that these sources produce is continuous, and there is infinite number of colours in it.. The colour “yellow” really exists in the spectrum, and is NOT equal to red + green! The way we perceive colors is a bit unperfect, so we would perceive the mixture of red and green as yellow, just as we would perceive yellow as yellow. The receptors in our eyes filter the colour we see in 3 “primary” colours, but already filtered red+green gives the same stimulus as the colour yellow! That is why fluorescent lights, although they produce “white” light, look different from tungsten lights! Fluo lights have only a small number of colours in the spectrum, such as red, orange, green, blue and violet. You can check this by taking a DVD and adjusting it to the fluorescent light to see a rainbow..Make sure you’re far enough from the bulb. You will notice a discontinued spectrum.. Now try this with a tungsten light.. Oh, and by the way, the prism, it doesn’t separate light into only primary colours, does it? :)
Hi Tomislav
Thanks for your comment – you are perfectly correct in your statements about the white light spectrum and it’s components. I realise that some of the wording is misleading and will make some changes. The point of the article is to help would be lighting designers understand the practicalities of reflected colour in a simple way.
Why, of course! :D No need to complicate, the thing is, there are so called “bastard color” filters right? They let through some portions of the spectrum, for example, orange with blue, although the final colour looks orange..But! The reflected color is different, because the light contains not only orange, but blue too. So this is very important to consider in stage lighting. I’m not trying to be smart. :) I had a wrong idea about light for a long time, so I don’t want others to be misleaded as I was.
My best regards,
Tomislav, Croatia
This might be random but in Hamilton, in ‘Say no to this’ the stage lighting is primarily blue, yet Maria’s dress is red. How would they go about making her dress stand out like it does in this scene?
Character is gonna be lit with additional red or light with red in it. Often a clever use of angles to keep the rest of the scene distinct, or sneaky use of followspot. :-)